Jump to content

Pacific Rim

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Countries in blue border the Pacific Rim

The Pacific Rim comprises the lands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Rim roughly overlaps with the geological Pacific Ring of Fire.

Definition and organizations

[edit]

The term "Pacific Basin" includes both the Pacific Rim and the islands in the Pacific Ocean, which are often ignored in Pacific Rim frameworks.[1][2] The "Pacific Basin" has also been used to exclusively refer to the islands in the Pacific Ocean (sometimes including Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, the Philippines and other large landmasses), but not the mainland rims of Asia and the Americas, which are separately referred to as the Pacific Rim under this framework.[3][4] The term "The Pacific" often takes on a similar meaning, with the mainland rims of Asia and the Americas being excluded, and other large landmasses sometimes being included depending on the context.[5] Some rare definitions of the Pacific Rim define it to exclude both the Asian and American mainlands and also the islands in the central Pacific. This defines the Pacific Rim as only including insular areas which are outside the main insular cultural zones of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, such as Australia, Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Aleutian Islands and the Galápagos Islands.[6]

A national park in Canada's Vancouver Island was named after the Pacific Rim, while in mainland Vancouver, there is a hotel named Fairmont Pacific Rim.[7] Whidbey Island in the U.S. state of Washington also has an organization named the Pacific Rim Institute for Environmental Studies.[8] Various intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations focus on the Pacific Rim, including Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Association of Pacific Rim Universities, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the East-West Center, Sustainable Pacific Rim Cities,[9] the Pacific Basin Institute and the Institute of Asian Research. In addition, the RIMPAC naval exercises are coordinated by United States Pacific Command. Japan's Okinawa Pan-Pacific International Film Festival is a film festival exclusively dedicated to films from the 46 states in the Pacific Rim/Basin.[10][11]

APEC and the CPTPP are the two largest economic-based Pacific Rim organizations, although in 2024, the CPTPP admitted the United Kingdom as its first non-Pacific Rim member,[12] with other non-Pacific Rim countries like Argentina, Ukraine, Uruguay and the United Arab Emirates expressing interest in joining.[13] Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea are the only countries who are members of both APEC (an organization dedicated to large Pacific Rim countries) and the Pacific Islands Forum (an organization dedicated to smaller Pacific island countries).[14][15] Australia and New Zealand are also CPTPP members. The CPTPP is a legally binding free trade agreement, unlike APEC, which is based around general economic cooperation. The CPTPP was first signed in 2016 as the TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership), and included the United States but not China (who are both APEC members), as it was originally envisioned by Barack Obama's government as a way to counter Chinese economic influence by imposing a rules-based order. However, the TPP shifted on January 23, 2017, when newly inaugurated U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order formally pulling the United States out of the deal.[16] Trump pulled out of the deal as part of his broader "America First" economic outlook, as he viewed the TPP as benefiting foreign countries at the expense of American workers. Following the American withdrawal, the remaining eleven members salvaged the initiative by signing the renamed CPTPP in March 2018, which officially entered into force in December 2018. In April 2011, an organization called the Pacific Alliance was formed among Latin American Pacific Rim countries.[17] The Pacific Alliance currently has four full members: Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Costa Rica and Ecuador are pursuing full membership, while Singapore has become the first external country to obtain Associated State status. Other non-Latin American Pacific countries (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Korea) are candidates for Associated State status, while countries such as Japan, China, and Indonesia participate only as observers, along with several countries outside the Pacific Rim. It is sometimes seen as a counterpart to the Mercosur trade agreement among Atlantic Latin American countries. However, the Pacific Alliance is generally more outward-looking toward Asia-Pacific trade and liberalisation, whereas Mercosur, founded in 1991 by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, has historically focused more heavily on South American regional integration and a common market.[18]

Members of major Pacific Rim organizations

[edit]

Member states of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

[edit]

Member states of Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

[edit]

Member states of Pacific Alliance

[edit]

Member states of Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]

China, Russia and the United States, often considered the world's three "superpowers", all have Pacific coastlines, although the majority of Russia's population lives significantly further away in the European-adjacent regions of the country.[19] Most Russians living near the Pacific coast and on the islands of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands are ethnic Russians of Caucasian origin, rather than indigenous natives like the Nivkhs.[20]

Among Pacific Rim states, Christianity is the dominant religion in Australia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Guatemala, Honduras, Kiribati, Mexico, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niue, Norfolk Island, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Russia, Samoa, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, the United States, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna.[21][22][23] There is also a sizable Christian population in South Korea.[24] Some eastern Pacific islands which were discovered uninhabited, like the Galápagos Islands and Juan Fernández Islands, are now inhabited by Christians who immigrated from the Latin American countries which administer them. Orthodox Christianity is the least widespread form of Christianity in the Pacific Rim, mainly being prevalent in Russia and areas of Russia's former colony Alaska, such as the Aleutian Islands and Kodiak Island. Unalaska in the Aleutian Islands still has a Russian Orthodox church on the island, which was built during the era of Russian rule.[25] Kodiak Island also has Orthodox churches from the era of Russian rule.[26] Sunni islam is the main religion in Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia, and Muslims still make up a meaningful proportion of the Pacific Rim's total population, due to Indonesia's large population.[23] Buddhism is the primary religion in Cambodia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand.[23] Religious unaffiliation is high in China, Hong Kong, Japan, North Korea and South Korea, with Australia also having an increasingly unaffiliated population.[27][28]

When compared to the Atlantic Rim, the Pacific Rim has a significantly smaller population of African diaspora, with many of them living on the Pacific coast of the United States (particularly Southern California).[29] The Pacific coast of Latin America generally has less of an African-influence than the Caribbean coast of Latin America, although some areas such as Colombia have sizable African descended populations on the Pacific coast.[30][31] In recent decades, Australia has also experienced some African immigration, primarily from South Sudan and the Horn of Africa.[32] The term "the Black Pacific" has sometimes been used to historically frame African populations in Pacific coastal areas of Latin America (such as those in Colombia),[31] although the term "the Black Pacific" has also been used to refer to Melanesia and occasionally Indigenous Australia.[33][33][34][35]

Various islands in the Pacific Rim remain uninhabited by civilians. Many of these islands are in the eastern Pacific and have no indigenous populations, such as France's Clipperton Island, Costa Rica's Cocos Island, Chile's Desventuradas Islands and Mexico's Revillagigedo Islands. Several U.S. islands in the central Pacific are also uninhabited by civilians, including Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island. Most of the Aleutian Islands at the far western end of the chain have been uninhabited since the 18th, 19th or early 20th centuries, like Amchitka Island, Attu Island and Kiska, although these lands were historically inhabited by the Aleut people.

Geography and zoology

[edit]

15 fully independent nations in the Pacific Rim have no land borders to other countries; Australia, Fiji, Japan, Kiribati, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.[36] Aside from Samoa and Tonga, all of these nations are in the Eastern Hemisphere, with Fiji, Kiribati and New Zealand having land in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Brunei, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste are considered divided island countries due to having land borders, while Singapore naturally has no land borders, but is connected to Malaysia through a man-made bridge and causeway. Taiwan also has no land borders but its sovereignty is disputed. The smallest country in the Pacific Rim is Nauru, while the largest is Russia. The largest country which only borders Pacific waters is China. Some of the furthest cities from the Pacific Ocean which technically belong to Pacific Rim countries include the European Russian city of Kaliningrad, Ürümqi in western China (one of the most inland cities in the world), the U.S. city of Portland in the eastern state of Maine, and the Canadian city of St. John's in the eastern province of Newfoundland and Labrador.[37]

Polar-adjacent lands in the Pacific Rim receive animal populations from the Antarctic and Arctic, including Australia's Macquarie Island in the far South Pacific, which has a large penguin population, and Alaska's St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea, which occasionally receives polar bears wandering from the north.[38]

Economy

[edit]

The economies of East Asia are among the most industrialized and internationally integrated economies in the Pacific Rim. Taiwan and South Korea are major centers of semiconductor manufacturing, while Japan and China have large automotive, machinery and electronics industries, as well as other manufacturing industries.[39] Hong Kong is an international financial and commercial center.[40] Macau's economy is heavily dependent on tourism and gaming.[41] North Korea has a substantially different economic structure from other Asian countries. Its economy remains dominated by state ownership and central planning, with mining, agriculture, and military-related production occupying important roles.[42] In recent years, North Korea has sought to build a tourism industry, as highlighted by the 2025 opening of the Wonsan-Kalma Coastal Tourist Zone, a sprawling multi-billion-dollar beach resort located on the country's eastern coast in Wonsan.[43]

Australia, Canada, and the Russian Far East are sparsely populated areas and have economies in which natural resources play a significant role. Australia is a major exporter of iron ore, coal, natural gas, and other minerals. The country also has a mature tourism industry, primarily centered around the three east coast states of New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.[44][45] Canada has substantial energy, mining, forestry, and agricultural industries. The Russian Far East has economies centered on oil and gas, coal, fisheries, timber, and mineral resources. Russia's Sakhalin possesses substantial reserves of oil, natural gas, coal, and other mineral resources, as well as important fisheries and forest resources. The geographic proximity of Sakhalin to Japan has historically made its oil and gas resources particularly significant to Japanese energy security. The Sakhalin-1 and Sakhalin-2 projects were developed partly with Japanese participation and became sources of crude oil and LNG for the Japanese market.[46][47] Australia's proximity to Japan relative to many other resource-producing regions also makes it an important component of Japan's energy supply network.[48]

Southeast Asia contains a diverse group of manufacturing, resource, and service economies. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam have developed significant manufacturing industries, including electronics, automotive production, textiles, and other export-oriented industries.[49][50] Singapore is a major center for finance, shipping, logistics, and advanced manufacturing, while Brunei and Timor-Leste remain more dependent on petroleum revenues. Cambodia has developed a large garment and footwear industry.[51] Tourism is another important part of several Southeast Asian economies. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam in particular receive large numbers of international visitors, with destinations such as Bali and Bangkok supporting extensive tourism industries.[52]

Mexico is the largest Latin American Pacific Rim economy, and has a sizeable manufacturing sector and is a major producer of automobiles, electronics, machinery, and other manufactured goods.[53][54] Chile and Peru are major producers of copper and other minerals, while agriculture, including coffee cultivation, remains important in several Central American economies.[55][56] Panama occupies a distinctive position because of the Panama Canal, which provides a major maritime link between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. A large share of canal traffic involves trade between the east coast of the United States and East Asia, making the canal an important part of Pacific trade networks as well as the Panamanian economy.[57] Tourism is significant across much of the Pacific coast of Latin America. Costa Rica has developed a substantial ecotourism industry and Ecuador's Galápagos Islands are an internationally recognized tourism destination, subject to extensive environmental regulation.[58] Chile's Rapa Nui, also known as Easter Island, is another Latin American destination closely associated with tourism and cultural heritage, along with Peru's Machu Pichu. Mexico's Acapulco on the Pacific coast was historically a prominent tourist destination, but its popularity has declined since the 2010s, due to rising gang violence.[59][60]

The United States has traditionally been the largest economy on the Pacific Rim and contains major economic centers along its Pacific coast, including Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, San Diego, Seattle and Portland, Oregon. These centers are important in technology, finance, manufacturing, higher education, shipping, and entertainment and maintain extensive commercial links with East Asia and other Pacific economies.[61] The Hollywood film and television industry forms part of a wider Pacific Rim production network, with animation work often undertaken in Taiwan, the Philippines or South Korea (such as for The Simpsons, which has been animated in Seoul since the late 1980s).[62] Substantial filming and post-production activity occurs in Vancouver and other Pacific Rim cities, with Vancouver providing generous tax breaks to Hollywood productions.[63][64]

The economies of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia vary considerably in size and structure but commonly have small domestic markets and limited export bases. Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa and other island economies receive substantial income from international tourism. Fisheries and development assistance are important sources of income in small Melanesian and Micronesian islands, which generally have less developed tourism industries than those in Polynesia.[65] Among larger Melanesian islands, New Caledonia has a significant nickel industry,[66][67] while Papua New Guinea has major mineral and liquefied natural gas exports.[68] Along with Fiji, New Caledonia has the most developed tourism sector in Melanesia, although it's more heavily reliant on attracting tourists from Australia, and is vulnerable to changes in Australian tourism habits.[69] New Zealand's export economy includes dairy products, meat, forestry products, and other agricultural commodities.[70] The Micronesian island of Nauru, formerly an Australian colony, had one of the highest GDP per Capitas in the world during the 1970s and 1980s, due to its phosphate industry, before eventually suffering an economic downturn. Before the economic downturn, Nauru was earning 70 times more than its island neighbors were.[71] Other countries in Micronesia, including the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands and Palau, have some of the lowest GDPs in the world. Since becoming independent countries, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau have had financial stability from a Compact of Free Association with the United States, while Kiribati relies heavily on aid from countries such as Australia and New Zealand.[72][73]

In media

[edit]

In 1989, an Australian miniseries titled Man on the Rim: The Peopling of the Pacific debuted, focusing on the human origins of the Pacific Rim, including the islands. The series also had a book counterpart released, and was hosted by doctor Alan Thorne from the National University of Australia.[74][75] In 1997, a British miniseries titled Full Circle premiered, hosted by Michael Palin. For the series, Palin traveled across many of the countries on the Pacific Rim, visiting Australia, Bolivia (which is landlocked but used to have Pacific access), Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, the United States and Vietnam. Palin also visited some of the outlying islands of these countries, including Chile's Chiloé Island and Juan Fernández Islands, and Kodiak Island and Little Diomede Island, which are part of Alaska. Little Diomede Island was chosen as a location due to being the northernmost point of the Pacific Basin, as it is situated on the Bering Strait connecting Pacific waters to Arctic waters. For the show, Palin was also additionally going to visit Attu Island in the Aleutian Islands, but he was unable to. Palin was also unable to enter North Korea as he had originally planned.[76]

List of countries on the Pacific Rim

[edit]

This is a list of countries that are generally considered to be a part of the Pacific Rim or Pacific Basin, since they lie along the Pacific Ocean.[77]

Shipping

[edit]

The Pacific has much international shipping. The top 10 busiest container ports, with the exception of Dubai's Port of Jebel Ali (9th), are in the Rim nations. They are home to 29 of the world's 50 busiest container shipping ports:

Notes

[edit]
1. ^ Non-Pacific Rim state.

See also

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Clausen, A. W. The Pacific Asian Countries: A Force For Growth in the Global Economy. Los Angeles: World Affairs Council, 1984. ED 244 852.
  • Cleveland, Harlan. The Future of the Pacific Basin: A Keynote Address. New Zealand: Conference on New Zealand's Prospects in the Pacific Region, 1983.
  • Gibney, Frank B., Ed. Whole Pacific Catalog. Los Angeles, CA: 1981.
  • "The Pacific Basin Alliances, Trade and Bases." GREAT DECISIONS 1987. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1987. ED 283 743.
  • Palin, Michael (1997). Full Circle. BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-37121-8.. A travelogue of a complete journey around the Pacific Rim accompanying the 1997 TV series Full Circle with Michael Palin.
  • Rogers, Theodore S., and Robert L. Snakenber. "Language Studies in the Schools: A Pacific Prospect." EDUCATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 21 (1982): 12–15.
  • Wedemeyer, Dan J., and Anthony J. Pennings, Eds. Telecommunications—Asia, Americas, Pacific: PTC 86. "Evolution of the Digital Pacific." Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Pacific Telecommunications Council: Honolulu, Hawaii, 1986. ED 272 147.
  • West, Philip, and Thomas Jackson. The Pacific Rim and the Bottom Line. Bloomington, Indiana, 1987.

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Griffin, John (1998). "Reviewed work: In the Ring of Fire: A Pacific Basin Journey, James D. Houston". Manoa. 10 (2): 207–209. JSTOR 4229709.
  2. ↑ Wojtan, Linda S. (December 1987). "Teaching about the Pacific Rim. ERIC Digest No. 43". ERIC. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
  3. ↑ Renshaw, Jean R. (September 5, 1986). "Women in Management in the Pacific Islands: Exploring Pacific Stereotypes". International Studies of Management & Organization. 16 (3–4): 152–173. doi:10.1080/00208825.1986.11656438 – via CrossRef.
  4. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip-Hughes-4/publication/288737452_Implications_of_expected_climate_changes_in_the_South_Pacific_region_an_overview/links/5eae4d30a6fdcc7050a49a56/Implications-of-expected-climate-changes-in-the-South-Pacific-region-an-overview.pdf#page=23
  5. ↑ Matsuda, Matt K. (June 1, 2006). "The Pacific". The American Historical Review. 111 (3): 758–780. doi:10.1086/ahr.111.3.758 – via Silverchair.
  6. ↑ Huq, A. M. A. (1995). World Librarianship: Its International and Comparative Dimension : an Annotated Bibliography, 1976-1992. Bangladesh: Academic Publishers.
  7. ↑ "Luxury Hotel in Vancouver - Fairmont Pacific Rim". www.fairmont.com.
  8. ↑ "Firm hired to do appraisal of Greenbank Farm for conservation easement". October 12, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Sustainable Pacific Rim Cities". www.sustainablepacific.org. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  10. ↑ Sanders, Jason (March 31, 2025). "The Tides that Bind: Cinema At Sea Okinawa Pan-Pacific International Film Festival 2025". Filmmaker Magazine.
  11. ↑ "Cinema at Sea - Okinawa Pan-Pacific International Film Festival". FilmFreeway.
  12. ↑ Webb, Dominic. "The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)" – via commonslibrary.parliament.uk. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ↑ "Explainer | The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership: Past, present, future". www.ussc.edu.au.
  14. ↑ "The Pacific Islands Forum | Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat". forumsec.org.
  15. ↑ "About APEC". APEC.
  16. ↑ "'Great thing for the American worker': Trump cancels trade deal". 23 January 2017 – via www.abc.net.au.
  17. ↑ https://www.subrei.gob.cl/sala-de-prensa/noticias/detalle-noticias/2011/04/29/declaracion-presidencial-sobre-la-alianza-del-pacifico
  18. ↑ Pastrana, Eduardo (January 1, 2016). "The Pacific Alliance: facing regional projects and global transformations" – via ResearchGate.
  19. ↑ "China and Russia's geographic divide - Defence Viewpoints from UK Defence Forum". defenceviewpoints.co.uk.
  20. ↑ Places, Jason Shvili October 30 2021 in (October 30, 2021). "Russian Far East". WorldAtlas.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ Ross, Kenneth R.; Tahaafe-Williams, Katalina; Johnson, Todd M., eds. (2021). Christianity in Oceania. Edinburgh Companions to Global Christianity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-8007-9.
  22. ↑ "2021 Norfolk Island, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics". www.abs.gov.au.
  23. 1 2 3 "What is the most common religious affiliation in each country?". Our World in Data.
  24. ↑ Affairs, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World. "Crosses and Kimchi: The Rise of Christianity in Korea". berkleycenter.georgetown.edu.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ "Historic Russian Orthodox Cathedral". UNALASKA/PORT OF DUTCH HARBOR CONVENTION AND VISITORS BUREAU.
  26. ↑ "Parishes - Holy Resurrection Cathedral". www.oca.org.
  27. ↑ "Why Did Buddhism Decline in Asia?".
  28. ↑ Ong, Isabel (June 17, 2024). "East Asians Leave Childhood Religion Most in World, but Remain Spiritual".
  29. ↑ "African Diaspora Countries 2026". World Population Review. August 6, 2026.
  30. ↑ Hicks, Mitti. "Cartagena Is Great, But Here's Why Black Travelers Should Explore Colombia's Pacific Coast". Travel Noire.
  31. 1 2 Barragan, Yesenia (April 22, 2017). "Afro-Latin America and the Black Pacific: An Interview with Sherwin K. Bryant - AAIHS".
  32. ↑ Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Polonsky, Michael; Green, Julie (August 12, 2025). "Engaging Sub-Saharan African Migrants in Social and Health Studies in Australia: Research and Ethical Challenges". Ethics & Human Research. 47 (4): 2–17. doi:10.1002/eahr.60019. PMC 12258616. PMID 40658777 – via PubMed.
  33. 1 2 WEBB-GANNON, CAMELLIA; WEBB, MICHAEL; SOLIS, GABRIEL (2018). "THE "BLACK PACIFIC" AND DECOLONISATION IN MELANESIA: PERFORMING "NÉGRITUDE" AND "INDIGÈNITUDE"". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 127 (2): 177–206 – via JSTOR.
  34. ↑ Webb-Gannon, Camellia; Webb, Michael (August 12, 2018). "Sound tracks of the Black Pacific : music, identity and resilience in Australian South Sea Islander communities". Pacific Dynamics: Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 2 (1): 35–44 – via Western Sydney University.
  35. ↑ Solis, Gabriel (March 1, 2015). "The Black Pacific: Music and Racialization in Papua New Guinea and Australia". Critical Sociology. 41 (2): 297–312. doi:10.1177/0896920513509822 – via SAGE Journals.
  36. ↑ Geography, Cory Price February 7 2023 in (February 7, 2023). "Pacific Island Countries". WorldAtlas.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  37. ↑ "Most remote city from the sea". Guinness World Records.
  38. ↑ https://www.dcceew.gov.au/parks-heritage/heritage/places/world/macquarie-island
  39. ↑ writers, Nikkei staff. "South Korea, Taiwan top Japan in exports for first time on AI boom". Nikkei Asia.
  40. ↑ Authority, Hong Kong Monetary. "Hong Kong Monetary Authority - Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre". Hong Kong Monetary Authority.
  41. ↑ "Macau's diversification push still heavily reliant on gaming engine: Study | Macau Business". macaubusiness.com. July 2, 2026.
  42. ↑ "North Korea - Economy, Resources, Trade | Britannica". www.britannica.com. August 12, 2026.
  43. ↑ "Inside North Korea's vast — and nearly empty — new seaside resort | CNN". September 2, 2025.
  44. ↑ https://www.deloitte.com/au/en/services/economics/perspectives/value-of-tourism.html.
  45. ↑ "Tourism and the visitor economy | Austrade International". international.austrade.gov.au.
  46. ↑ "Japan and the Sakhalin Energy Projects". nippon.com. May 17, 2022.
  47. ↑ "RESOLVED: Japan Should Maintain Investments in Russian Oil and Gas Projects". June 15, 2022 – via www.csis.org. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  48. ↑ "Australia and Japan must recast their energy relationship". The Lowy Institute.
  49. ↑ Briefing, ASEAN (September 16, 2024). "Southeast Asia Manufacturing Tracker".
  50. ↑ https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2018/dec/developments-in-emerging-south-east-asia.html
  51. ↑ "TEXTILE AND APPAREL – The Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC)".
  52. ↑ ASEAN Key Figures, 2025
  53. ↑ Mitchell, Megan. "Industries in Mexico".
  54. ↑ "What Are Mexico's Main Imports and Exports?". iContainers.
  55. ↑ "Chile and Peru's copper for energy transition". S&P Sustainable1.
  56. ↑ "Unpacking the Colonial History of Latin American Coffee Production". August 25, 2025.
  57. ↑ https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/panama-panama-canal
  58. ↑ "Costa Rica". BIOFIN.
  59. ↑ Flannery, Nathaniel Parish (December 13, 2016). "From glamour to gunfire: the tourist city of Acapulco torn apart by violence" – via The Guardian.
  60. ↑ "Americans Are Avoiding These 7 Once-Popular Mexican Cities". Yahoo Travel. July 17, 2026.
  61. ↑ Rossi, Isabella (August 13, 2026). "The Pacific Powerhouse: How Five States On Pacific Coast Shape America's Economic and Environmental Trajectory". The Rix Group.
  62. ↑ "'The Simpsons' rides on the Seoul train". TODAY.com. March 2, 2005.
  63. ↑ "An Overview of Film and Television Tax Incentives in British Columbia". www.bccpa.ca.
  64. ↑ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-film-incentive-1.7409355
  65. ↑ Cheer, J. M., Pratt, S., Tolkach, D., et al. (2018). Tourism in Pacific island countries: A status quo round‐up. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 5(3), 442–461
  66. ↑ https://cove.army.gov.au/article/kyr-new-caledonia-economy
  67. ↑ Bailly, France (October 1, 2017). "New Caledonia: Land of Nickel". Elements. 13 (5): 360–361. doi:10.2138/gselements.13.5.360 – via Silverchair.
  68. ↑ https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/papua-new-guinea-minerals-and-energy
  69. ↑ "Tourisme | Synthèse annuelle 2023". ISEE.
  70. ↑ "HKTDC Research". research.hktdc.com.
  71. ↑ https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/952141468141870800/pdf/ESM3210Experiences1Oil1Fund01PUBLIC1.pdf
  72. ↑ "The Compacts of Free Association". www.congress.gov.
  73. ↑ "Technical Consultation". www.fao.org.
  74. ↑ "Man On The Rim (1988) - The Screen Guide - Screen Australia". www.screenaustralia.gov.au.
  75. ↑ Thorne, Alan; Raymond, Robert. Man on the Rim: The Peopling of the Pacific. ISBN 0207162468.
  76. ↑ Goodman, Walter (September 15, 1997). "TELEVISION REVIEW ; Have Concept, Will Travel: Palin Packs His Bags Again" – via NYTimes.com.
  77. ↑ "Countries of the Pacific Rim". About.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2008-06-05.

Sources

[edit]
  • Phillips, Douglas A. and Steven C. Levi. The Pacific Rim Region: Emerging Giant. Hillside, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 1988. ISBN 0-89490-191-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Rim&oldid=1369497221"