JavaScript

JavaScript
	langage de script (fr) , langage de programmation orienté prototype (fr) , langage impératif (fr) , langage de programmation fonctionnel (fr) , langage de programmation événementielle (fr) , plateforme informatique (fr) , langage interprété (fr) , langage de programmation multi-paradigme (fr) , tutlayt n usihel, langage de programmation stricte (fr) , langage de haut niveau (fr) , Programmation orientée prototype (fr) , généricité (fr) , programmation fonctionnelle (fr) , programmation impérative (fr) , Programmation orientée aspect (fr) d programmation événementielle (fr)
Isefka
Azemz n ubeddi d unulfu	4 Duǧember 1995
Asemres	programmation (fr) d programmation web (fr)
Isem aẓaran	JavaScript
Yettusemma ɣef	Java (tutlayt)
Imlan	Sun Microsystems (fr) d Oracle (fr)
Yeska ɣef	ECMAScript (fr)
Imeddez	LiveScript (fr)
Azemz n usuffeɣ	Ctember 1995
Régi par (fr)	Ecma International (fr)
Conçu par (fr)	Brendan Eich (fr)
Identifiant de version logicielle (fr)	ECMAScript 2024, ECMAScript 2025, ECMAScript 7, ECMAScript 6, ECMAScript 5.1, ECMAScript 2017, ECMAScript 2018, ECMAScript 2019, ECMAScript 2020, ECMAScript 2021, ECMAScript 2022 d ECMAScript 2023
Asmel web unṣib	ecma-international.org…
Aglam deg URL	tapor.ca…, marketplace.sshopencloud.eu… d consumerrights.wiki…
Hashtag (mul)	Javascript
Type MIME (fr)	text/javascript, application/x-ecmascript, application/x-javascript, text/javascript1.0, text/javascript1.1, text/javascript1.2, text/javascript1.4, text/javascript1.3, text/javascript1.5, text/livescript, text/x-ecmascript d text/x-javascript
Système de typage (fr)	typage dynamique (fr) , Duck typing (fr) d Programmation orientée prototype (fr)
Date d'annonce publique (fr)	4 Duǧember 1995
Extension de fichier (fr)	js d mjs

JavaScript d tutlayt n usihel mebla aefsu(Tameslayt tasuɣlant) i d-yesnulfa Brendan Eich (Netscape). JavaScript itddu kan deg yiminig web maca tura nezmer ad t-nesseqdec deg tama n uqeddac(Backend) s Node.js.

Tameslayt n usihel JavaScript tella d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasxedmen aṭas deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg useggas n 1995, teqqel d taɣawsa tagejdant deg usnerni n Web. Ass-a, ur tettwaḥseb ara kan d tameslayt n yisebtar n Web, wanag tettwasxedem daɣen deg usihel n yiqeddacen, n yisnasen izirazen, d kran n yisnasen n tnarit, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen.

2. Amazray

2.1. Talalit n JavaScript

JavaScript tlul-d deg useggas n 1995, mi i tt-yesnulfa Brendan Eich deg tkebbanit Netscape Communications. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella "Mocha", sakkin yuɣal "LiveScript", qbel ad yettusema "JavaScript". Iswi amezwaru-is yella ad d-yefk i yimsidag n Web allal n usihel asdawan (interactif) deg yisebtar n Web.

Brendan Eich yesnulfa-d lqem amezwaru n tmeslayt-a deg 10 n wussan kan.

Mocha: D wawal amezwaru i yettunefken i tmeslayt-a.

LiveScript: Sakkin, isem-a yuɣal d LiveScript deg wamber (beta) n yiminig.

JavaScript: Deg dujember 1995, isem yuɣal d JavaScript. Abeddel-a n yisem yella-d s tmuɣli n udellel (marketing), acku deg tallit-nni, tameslayt n usihel Java tella tettwassen aṭas yerna tesɛa azal ameqqran. Netscape tebɣa ad tesqedcec tagnit n Java, ɣas ma JavaScript ur yesɛi ara assaɣ atrar akked Java.

Amgaru n Yiminigen d Usdul n ECMAScript (1996-1999)

Mi i twala takebbanit Microsoft d akken JavaScript yuɣal d axatar, tesnulfa-d lqem-is i yiminig-is Internet Explorer, isem-is JScript. Aya yesnulfa "Amgaru n Yiminigen", anda yal iminig yesɛa tameslayt-is, d ayen i yesserwen imsihlen (Ineflayen) acku tangalt ur telli ara txeddem akken iwata deg yiminigen meṛṛa.

I wakken ad frun ugur-a, Netscape tefka tameslayt-a i tuddma Ecma International i wakken ad tt-slugen (tizeɣt).

1997 (ES1): Alugen amezwaru ECMA-262 yeffɣ-d s yisem ECMAScript 1.

1998 (ES2): Asnerni meẓẓiyen i uḍfar n ISO/IEC.

1999 (ES3): Lqem-a yella d axatar aṭas, yerna-d Regular Expressions (tinfaliyin tiluganin), try/catch i usefrek n tuccḍiwin, d usbadu ifazen n tɣawsiwin. Lqem-a yeqqim d amud amezwaru n JavaScript i waṭas n yiseggasen.

Tallit n "Web 2.0" d Ajax (2000-2008)

Deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 2000, JavaScript ur yettwaqadar ara aṭas, yella kan i usihel n yimussuyen (Amray/Merru) d yisebtar fessusen. Maca, tallit n Web 2.0 tbeddel kulci.

Asnas n Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) yefka i yimsihlen tizemmar ad selḥun isefka seg uqeddac war ma alsen asali n usebter. Isnasen am Gmail (2004) d Google Maps (2005) sbegnen-d d akken JavaScript yezmer ad isali isnasen n Web ixanzen d isdawanen.

Deg tallit-a, tlul jQuery (2006), d tamkarḍit i yessifsen asihel n DOM yerna tefru uguren n umgaru gar yiminigen.

2009 (ES5): Ecma tefka lqem ES5, i d-yernan JSON s wudem unṣib, Array.prototype.map/filter, d uskar strict mode i uḍman n tɣellist n tengalt.

Tawri n Node.js: JavaScript yeffeɣ seg Yiminig (2009)

Aseggas n 2009 yella d tagrawla deg umezruy n JavaScript. Amsihel Ryan Dahl yesnulfa Node.js, s useqdec n umutur V8 n Google Chrome.

Aya yefka i JavaScript tizemmar ad ixeddem deg tama uqeddac (backend), mačči kan deg yiminig (frontend). Seg imir-nni, JavaScript tuɣal d tameslayt "Full-Stack", anda amsihel yezmer ad iseqdec yiwet n tutlayt i yisebtar n Web, i yiqeddacen, d yizdaren(affiwin)n n yisefka.

Tagrawla n ES6 / ES2015 d Ukatar n yimahilen (Frameworks)

Deg useggas n 2015, Ecma tefka lqem ameqqran akk deg umezruy n tmeslayt-a: ECMAScript 2015 (ES6). Seg wass-a, alugen yuɣal yettbeddel yal aseggas (ES2016, ES2017, ...).

ES6 yerna tiseddast tatrarin i yerran asihel yeshel yerna iqud:

let d const i usefrek n telqeyt (scope).

Tiseɣnin s uaneccab (Arrow functions =>).

Tiserkemt i usihel yuɣden ar tɣawsa.

Lweɛd (Promises) i usefrek n usihel aramtawan (asynchrone).

Izegrar kter/sifeḍ.

Deg tallit-a daɣen, akatar n yimahilen (frameworks) am React (Facebook, 2013), Angular (Google), d Vue.js beddelen amek i ttwasalnen yisnasen n Web, s useqdec n yimudam am "Virtual DOM" d "Composants".

Tallit Tatrart: TypeScript, WebAssembly d Tigzi Taragmawant (2018-Ass-a)

Ma d ass-a, JavaScript ur yesɛi ara tilas. Amhaz-is yekcem deg waṭas n yiḥricen:

TypeScript: Tameslayt i d-tesnulfa Microsoft i yernan tawsit n isefka (typage statique) i JavaScript. Ass-a, tuget n yisnasen imeqqranen ttwagen s TypeScript i uḍman n tɣellist d tmellet n tengalt.

WebAssembly (Wasm): Yefka tizemmar i yimsihlen ad selkmen tangalt (C++, Rust) deg yiminig s urured iqerben ar iseɣẓanen n tnarit yettwarun s C/C++ (natif), yettwasqdec s umata i yisnasen izuyaz (am uraren) d usihel aẓayan.

Tigzi Taragmawant : S tmkarḍiyin am TensorFlow.js, JavaScript yuɣal yezmer ad iselkem timudmiwin n tigzi taragmawant srid deg yiminig, war ma yuzen isefka ar uqeddac, d ayen ara yemmestnen tudert tusligt.

Isnasen Izirazen d Tnarit: S React Native d Electron, JavaScript ass-a yessalay isnasen i tilifunat (iOS/Android) d yiselkimen n tnarit (am VS Code akked Discord).

2.2. Alugen ECMAScript

Deg useggas n 1997, JavaScript tuɣal d alugen n Ecma International s yisem "ECMAScript". Seg imir-nni, tameslayt-a tettwasnerni s waṭas n ileqman:

ECMAScript 1 (1997): Alugen amezwaru.
ECMAScript 3 (1999): Timerna n wallalen n usenqed n tuccḍiwin, Tinfaliyin tiluganin (regular expressions).
ECMAScript 5 (2009): Asemdu n JSON, asemdu n tɣawsa "strict mode".
ECMAScript 6 / ES2015 (2015): Timerna tameqqrant: let, const, class, Promise, arrow functions, modules.
ECMAScript 2020+: Timerna n BigInt, Optional Chaining, Nullish Coalescing.

2.3. Imeslayen n usihel yeqqnen ar JavaScript

Aṭas n tmeslayin-nniḍen n usihel bnant ɣef JavaScript neɣ ttwasuqlent ar JavaScript:

TypeScript: Tameslayt n usihel s tewsit n isefka (typed) i d-yesnulfa Microsoft.

CoffeeScript: Tameslayt yettwasuqlen ar JavaScript s tseddast ifessusen.

Dart: Tameslayt n usihel i d-yesnulfa Google, tettwasxedem deg Flutter.

3. Taseddast d Umawal

3.1. Tawsit n tmeslayt

JavaScript d tameslayt:

Tasuɣlant: Ur teḥwaǧ ara asefsu send aselkem. Amessuɣal iqqar-d tangalt srid.

S tawsit asmussaw: Tawsit n umutti tettubeddel deg wakud n uselkem.

Agetkalmaḍ (multi-paradigme): Tesseddu asihel s tɣawsa, asihel amesɣan, d usihel s tedyanin.

3.2. Tiseddast tigejdanin

3.2.1. Imuttiyen

JavaScript yesɛa kraḍ n wawalen i usenteḍ n yimuttiyen:

var x = 10;      // Amutti aqbur (var)
let y = 20;      // Amutti s telqeyt n usweḍ (let)
const z = 30;    // Amutti ur yettubeddlen (const)

var: Amutti s telqeyt n tesɣent.

let: Amutti s telqeyt n iḥder.

const: Amutti ur yezmiren ad yettubeddel.

3.2.2. Awalen n tinaḍ

if, else, for, while, do, switch, case, break, continue,
return, function, class, new, this, typeof, instanceof,
try, catch, finally, throw, async, await, import, export

3.2.3. Isulayen

Isulayen n yimuttiyen, n tseɣnin, d n tɣawsiwin ilaq ad bdun s usekkil, s _, neɣ s $. Ur zmiren ad bdun s umḍan.

4. Tawsit n Isefka

JavaScript tesɛa sin n wudmawen n tewsit n isefka:

4.1. Tiwsitin tizwaranin


Tawsit	Amedya	Aglam
number	42, 3.14	Amḍan ummid neɣ amḍan s ticcert
string	"Azul"	Azrar n isekkilen
boolean	true, false	Ilem neɣ ulac
undefined	undefined	Amutti ur yettusbedden
null	null	Ulac s umata
symbol	Symbol('id')	Azamal asuf (ES6)
bigint	9007199254740991n	Amḍan ameqqran aṭas (ES2020)

4.2. Tawsit n tɣawsa

Yal ayen ur nelli ara d tiwsit tizwaranen d taɣawsa. Deg-s:

Array (Tafelwit): let arr = [1, 2, 3];
Object (Taɣawsa): let obj = {isem: "Samir", leɛmer: 25};
Function (Tasɣent): function azur() { return "Azul!"; }

4.3. Aselkem n tewsit (typeof)

typeof 42;           // "number"
typeof "Azul";       // "string"
typeof true;         // "boolean"
typeof undefined;    // "undefined"
typeof null;         // "object" (tuccḍa deg umezruy)
typeof {};           // "object"
typeof [];           // "object"
typeof function(){}; // "function"

5. Tiseɣnin

5.1. Tasɣent talugant

function smerni(a, b) {
    return a + b;
}

5.2. Tasɣent s uneccab – ES6

const smerni = (a, b) => a + b;

5.3. Tasɣent d taserkemt tamenzut

Deg JavaScript, tiseɣnin d tiserkam timenza: zemrent ad ttwafkent d imuttiyen, ad ttwarrzent d tiɣiratin, d ad ttwarnant ar tefelwin.

const tiseɣnin = [
    x => x * 2,
    x => x + 1
];

6. Taɣawsa d Usihel s Tɣawsa

6.1. Asenteḍ n tɣawsa

const amdan = {
    isem: "Samir",
    leɛmer: 30,
    azur: function() {
        return `Azul, nekk d ${this.isem}`;
    }
};

6.2. Taserkemt (Class) – ES6

class Amdan {
    constructor(isem, leɛmer) {
        this.isem = isem;
        this.leɛmer = leɛmer;
    }
    
    azur() {
        return `Azul, nekk d ${this.isem}`;
    }
}

const samir = new Amdan("Samir", 30);

6.3. Tukkest

class Anelmad extends Amdan {
    constructor(isem, leɛmer, asɣar) {
        super(isem, leɛmer);
        this.asɣar = asɣar;
    }
    
    azur() {
        return `Azul, nekk d ${this.isem}, anelmad deg ${this.asɣar}`;
    }
}

6.4. Akwbal

Seg ES2022, JavaScript yesɛa iɣewwaṛen usligen s #:

class Amiḍan {
    #azal;
    
    constructor(azal) {
        this.#azal = azal;
    }
    
    awi() {
        return this.#azal;
    }
}

7. Timṣuki n usenqed

7.1. Tawtilt

if (amḍan > 18) {
    console.log("Meqqer");
} else if (amḍan > 12) {
    console.log("Alemmas");
} else {
    console.log("Mecṭuḥ");
}

7.2. Tineddict

// Tineddict for
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    console.log(i);
}

// Tineddict while
let j = 0;
while (j < 5) {
    console.log(j);
    j++;
}

// Tineddict for...of (i tefelwin)
for (const azal of [1, 2, 3]) {
    console.log(azal);
}

// Tineddict for...in (i tɣawsiwin)
for (const tsarutt in {isem: "Samir"}) {
    console.log(tsarutt);
}

8. Asihel Aramtawan

8.1. Callbacks

Aɣewwaṛ amezwaru n usihel aramtawan:

function awiIsefka(callback) {
    setTimeout(() => {
        callback({isem: "Samir"});
    }, 1000);
}

8.2. Promise (Lweɛd)

function awiIsefka() {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        setTimeout(() => {
            resolve({isem: "Samir"});
        }, 1000);
    });
}

awiIsefka()
    .then(isefka => console.log(isefka))
    .catch(tuccḍa => console.error(tuccḍa));

8.3. Async/Await

Tarrayt tatrart i usihel aramtawan:

async function awiIsefka() {
    try {
        const tiririt = await fetch('https://api.example.com/data');
        const isefka = await tiririt.json();
        console.log(isefka);
    } catch (tuccḍa) {
        console.error('Tuccḍa:', tuccḍa);
    }
}

Taggrayt

JavaScript teqqel d tameslayt n usihel tameqqrant deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt. Seg wasmi i d-tlul deg 1995, tettwasnerni s waṭas, teqqel d tameslayt i yesɛan aṭas n wudmawen: asihel n Web (frontend d backend), asihel n yisnasen izirazen, tigzi taragmawant, d waṭas n yiḥricen-nniḍen.

S tizeɣt n ECMAScript i d-yettuɣalen yal aseggas, JavaScript tettkemmel ad tettwasnerni, ad d-ternu tiwsitin imaynuten, d ad tessifses asihel i yineflayen.

I yneflayen d yimusnawen n tsenselkimt, JavaScript d tameslayt ilaq ad tt-issinen, acku d nettat i d tameslayt n Web, d yiwet seg tmeslayin yettwasqedcen aṭas deg umaḍal.

Ẓer daɣen

TypeScript